When People Want Punishment Retributive Justice and the Puzzle of Authoritarian Popularity

Against the backdrop of rising populism around the world and democratic backsliding in countries with robust, multiparty elections, this book asks why ordinary people favor authoritarian leaders. Much of the existing scholarship on illiberal regimes and authoritarian durability focuses on institutional explanations, but Tsai argues that, to better understand these issues, we need to examine public opinion and citizens' concerns about retributive justice. Government authorities uphold retributive justice - and are viewed by citizens as fair and committed to public good - when they affirm society's basic values by punishing wrongdoers who act against these values. Tsai argues that the production of retributive justice and moral order is a central function of the state and an important component of state building. Drawing on rich empirical evidence from in-depth fieldwork, original surveys, and innovative experiments, the book provides a new framework for understanding authoritarian resilience and democratic fragility.

1. The Puzzle of Authoritarian Popularity; 2. A Retributive Justice Model of Citizen Engagement; 3. A Retributive Justice and State Production of Moral Order; 4. Evaluating the Impact of Retributive Justice on Citizen Evaluations of Government Authorities in Rural China; 5. Retributive Justice and Citizen Engagement in Rural China and Beyond; 6. Democratic Dissatisfaction, Punitive Populism, and the Rise of the 'Benevolent' Dictator.

Lily L. Tsai is the Ford Professor of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Director of the MIT Governance Lab (MIT GOV/LAB). Her research focuses on accountability, governance, and political behavior in developing contexts, particularly in Asia and Africa.